Effects of electroacupuncture on NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis protein GSDMD in uterine tissue in rats with primary dysmenorrhea / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) on NLRP3 inflammasome and its downstream protein gastermin D (GSDMD) in rats with primary dysmenorrhea (PDM), and to explore the potential mechanism of EA on the treatment of PDM.@*METHODS@#Forty healthy female SD rats without pregnancy were randomly divided into a control group, a model group, an EA group and an ibuprofen group, 10 rats in each group. PDM model was prepared by injection of estradiol benzoate and oxytocin. Except the control group, the rats in each group were subcutaneously injected with estradiol benzoate for 10 days, and oxytocin was injected on the 11th day. The rats in the EA group were intervened with EA (dense wave, frequency of 50 Hz) at "Guanyuan" (CV 4) and "Sanyinjiao" (SP 6) at the same time of modeling, once a day, 20 min each time, for 10 consecutive days. The rats in the ibuprofen group were treated with 0.8 mL of ibuprofen by gavage (concentration of ibuprofen solution was 1.25 mg/mL) for 10 consecutive days. After modeling, the writhing reaction was observed. After intervention, the HE staining method was used to observe the histological morphology of uterus and evaluate the pathological damage score of uterus; ELISA method was used to detect the serum levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α); Western blot method was used to detect the protein expression of NLRP3, apoptosis related spot like protein (ASC), caspase-1, GSDMD, GSDMD-N and inflammatory factors (interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-18) in uterine tissue.@*RESULTS@#In the model group, a large number of vacuolar degeneration and death of endometrial epithelial cells, spiral arterioles congestion in lamina propria and neutrophil infiltration were observed. In the EA group, there was a small amount of vacuolar degeneration and death of endometrial epithelial cells, a small amount of spiral arterioles congestion in the lamina propria, and a small amount of neutrophils infiltration. In the ibuprofen group, there was very small number of degeneration and death of endometrial epithelial cells, and no obvious arterial congestion was found in lamina propria, and neutrophil infiltration was occasionally seen. Compared with the control group, in the model group the number of writhing was increased (P<0.01), the writhing reaction score and serum level of PGF2α and PGF2α/PGE2 value were increased (P<0.01), the level of PGE2 was decreased (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, in the EA group and the ibuprofen group the number of writhing were decreased (P<0.05), the latency of writhing was prolonged (P<0.01), the writhing reaction scores and serum levels of PGF2α and PGF2α/PGE2 values were decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01), the levels of PGE2 were increased (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, IL-1β and IL-18 in the uterine tissues of rats was increased in the model group (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the protein expression of NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1, GSDMD, GSDMD-N, IL-1β and IL-18 in the uterine tissues of rats was decreased in the EA group and the ibuprofen group (P<0.01, P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the EA group and the ibuprofen group in the above indexes (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#EA could alleviate pain and uterine tissue injury in rats with PDM. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in rat uterine tissues, thereby inhibiting pyroptosis and its inflammatory factors release.

Morphological investigation of protective effects of CDP-choline on liver and small intestine in an experimental sepsis model in rats / Investigación morfológica de los efectos protectores de la CDP-colina en el hígado y el intestino delgado en un modelo experimental de sepsis en ratas

SUMMARY: Fifty male Wistar albino rats were divided into 5 groups; Group 1 as a sham group. Group 2 as a control group, Group 3 as 100 mg/kg CDP-choline administered group, Group as 200 mg/kg CDP-choline administered group, and Group 5 as sepsis group. The sepsis model was performed by ligating and perforating the caecum of rats. Liver and small intestine tissues were assessed either histologically or quantitatively and qualitatively. There was a significant difference between the sepsis and CDP-choline groups for liver and intestinal damage evaluated in tissue samples. (p <0.001). CDP-choline treatment partially improved dose-dependent the clinical parameters of sepsis and septic shock, reversed micro-anatomical damage caused by sepsis.

Cincuenta ratas albinas Wistar macho se dividieron en 5 grupos; Grupo 1 como grupo control simulador, el grupo 2 como grupo de control, el grupo 3 como grupo al que se administró 100 mg/kg de CDP-colina, el grupo 4 como grupo al que se administró 200 mg/kg de CDP-colina y el grupo 5 como grupo con sepsis. El modelo de sepsis se realizó ligando y perforando el intestino ciego de las ratas. Los tejidos del hígado y del intestino delgado se evaluaron histológicamente o cuantitativa y cualitativamente. Hubo una diferencia significativa entre los grupos de sepsis y CDP-colina para el daño hepático e intestinal evaluado en muestras de tejido (p<0,001). El tratamiento con CDP-colina mejoró parcialmente, según la dosis, los parámetros clínicos de sepsis y shock séptico y revirtió el daño micro anatómico causado por la sepsis.

Effects of HIIT associated with Coutoubea spicata supplementation on tissue and oxidative damage biomarkers in Wistar rats / Efectos del HIIT asociado a la suplementación de Coutoubea spicata en los biomarcadores del tejido y daño oxidativo en ratas Wistar

SUMMARY: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of six weeks of HIIT on tissue and oxidative damage markers in rats supplemented with Coutoubea spicata fraction. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: Baseline (GB); supplemented with 100 mg/kg of Coutoubea spicata fraction (GSCS); exercised for 6 weeks with the HIIT protocol (GH); supplemented with 100 mg/kg of Coutoubea spicata fraction + HIIT for 6 weeks (GHCS). Exercised animals performed the HIIT protocol (2 x 2). Tissue damage CK, LDH, ALT and AST markers in plasma were analyzed, as well as oxidative stress MDA and SH biomarkers in plasma and in cardiac, hepatic and muscle tissues. The results showed that CK, LDH, AST and ALT enzymes showed increase in GH when compared to GB (p<0.0001). However, CK, AST and ALT markers reduced their concentrations in GHCS when compared to GH (p<0.0001), indicating that Coutoubea spicata supplementation attenuated the damage in muscle and liver tissues induced by HIIT. Plasma, liver and muscle MDA showed increase in GH after HIIT sessions; however, when compared to GHCS, it showed reduced levels (p<0.0001). SH was elevated in the GH group when compared to GB in plasma and liver tissues (p<0.0001); in contrast, reduction in GHCS when compared to GH was observed in plasma, liver and cardiac tissues, demonstrating the redox effect of HIIT on some tissues. Thus, our findings showed that Coutoubea spicata has antioxidant activity, reducing oxidative damage markers and consequently tissue damage in healthy Wistar rats after HIIT protocol, but it also demonstrated redox balance after analyzing oxidative stress markers.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de HIIT en los marcadores de daño tisular y oxidativo en ratas suplementadas con Coutoubea spicata durante seis semanas. Treinta y dos ratas Wistar macho se dividieron en 4 grupos: línea de base (GB); suplementados con 100 mg/kg de fracción de Coutoubea spicata (GSCS); ejercitados durante 6 semanas con el protocolo HIIT (GH); suplementado con 100 mg/kg de fracción de Coutoubea spicata + HIIT durante 6 semanas (GHCS). Los animales ejercitados realizaron el protocolo HIIT (2x2). Se analizaron los marcadores de daño tisular CK, LDH, ALT y AST en plasma, así como los biomarcadores de estrés oxidativo MDA y SH en plasma y en tejidos cardiaco, hepático y muscular. Los resultados indicaron que las enzimas CK, LDH, AST y ALT mostraron aumento en GH en comparación con GB (p<0,0001). Sin embargo, los marcadores CK, AST y ALT redujeron sus concentraciones en GHCS en comparación con GH (p<0,0001), lo que indica que la suplementación con Coutoubea spicata atenuó el daño en los tejidos musculares y hepáticos inducido por HIIT. La MDA de plasma, hígado y músculo mostró un aumento en la GH después de las sesiones de HIIT; sin embargo, en comparación con GHCS, mostró niveles reducidos (p<0,0001). Se observó SH elevado en el grupo de GH en comparación con GB en plasma y tejidos hepáticos (p<0,0001); en contraste, se observó una reducción en GHCS en comparación con GH en plasma, hígado y tejidos cardíacos, lo que demuestra el efecto redox de HIIT en algunos tejidos. Por lo tanto, nuestros hallazgos mostraron que Coutoubea spicata tiene actividad antioxidante, con reducción de los marcadores de daño oxidativo y, en consecuencia, el daño tisular en ratas Wistar sanas después del protocolo HIIT, pero además demostró el equilibrio redox después de analizar los marcadores de estrés oxidativo.

Pharmacodynamic of cilostazol for anti-altitude hypoxia / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#The plateau environment is characterized by low oxygen partial pressure, leading to the reduction of oxygen carrying capacity in alveoli and the reduction of available oxygen in tissues, and thus causing tissue damage. Cilostazol is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor that has been reported to increase the oxygen release of hemoglobin (Hb) in tissues. This study aims to explore the anti-hypoxic activity of cilostazol and its anti-hypoxic effect.@*METHODS@#A total of 40 male BALB/C mice were randomly divided into a low-dose cilostazol (6.5 mg/kg) group, a medium-dose (13 mg/kg) group, a high-dose (26 mg/kg) group, and a control group. The atmospheric airtight hypoxia experiment was used to investigate the anti-hypoxic activity of cilostazol and to screen the optimal dosage. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a normoxia control group, a hypoxia model group, an acetazolamide (22.33 mg/kg) group, and a cilostazol (9 mg/kg) group. After 3 days of hypoxia in the 4 010 m high altitude, blood from the abdominal aorta was collected to determine blood gas indicators, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in plasma were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutataione (GSH) were measured. The degree of pathological damage for rat tissues was observed with HE staining.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, the survival time of mice in the low, medium, and high dose group of cilostazol was significantly prolonged, and the survival time of mice in the medium dose group was the longest, with an extension rate at 29.34%, so the medium dose was the best dose. Compared with the hypoxia model group, the P50 (oxygen partial pressure at Hb oxygen saturation of 50%) value of rats in the cilostazol group was significantly increased by 1.03%; Hb and Hct were significantly reduced by 8.46% and 8.43%, and the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in plasma were reduced by 50.65% and 30.77%. The MDA contents in heart, brain, lung, liver, and kidney tissues were reduced by 37.12%, 29.55%, 25.00%, 39.34%, and 21.47%, respectively. The SOD activities were increased by 94.93%, 9.14%, 9.42%, 13.29%, and 20.80%, respectively. The GSH contents were increased by 95.24%, 28.62%, 28.57%, 20.80%, and 44.00%, respectively. The results of HE staining showed that compared with the hypoxia model group, cilostazol significantly improved the damage of heart, lung, and kidney tissues in rats after hypoxia.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Cilostazol can significantly improve the oxidative stress and inflammatory reaction caused by rapid altitude hypoxia, and it has a significant protective effect on tissue damage caused by hypoxia, suggesting that it has obvious anti-hypoxic activity.

Marcadores de daño muscular en deportistas jóvenes de la Federación Deportiva de la Provincia Azuay, Ecuador / Muscle damage markers in young athletes of the Sports Federation of the Azuay Province, Ecuador / Marcadores de lesão muscular em jovens atletas da Federação de Esportes da Província de Azuay, Equador

Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la presencia de daño muscular en deportistas de la Provincia de Azuay, Ecuador, a través de la medición de la actividad enzimática. Para esto se realizó una investigación clínica, descriptiva y de corte transversal en 220 deportistas con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 18 años (media 17,3 años), predominantemente del sexo masculino (64,1%), pertenecientes a 11 disciplinas deportivas, a quienes se les determinaron los valores sanguíneos de lactato deshidrogenasa, creatina quinasa y creatina quinasa isoenzima MB. Los principales resultados mostraron, que con un tiempo de práctica deportiva entre uno y tres años (39,1%) y con una frecuencia de entrenamiento de tres veces por semana (54,5%), predominaron los deportistas con valores normales de los marcadores musculares. La natación fue el deporte en el cual se identificó un mayor número de atletas con alteraciones de los valores séricos de creatina quinasa y creatina quinasa isoenzima MB. Se concluye que el sexo femenino, la práctica de actividad física sistemática por un período menor de un año y con una frecuencia de entrenamiento inferior a tres veces por semana fueron las características generales que no provocaron aumento de los valores séricos de los marcadores de daño muscular identificados.

Abstract The objective of the study was to identify the presence of muscle damage in athletes from the Azuay Province, Ecuador, by measuring enzyme activity. To this aim, a clinical, descriptive and cross-sectional investigation was carried out on 220 athletes aged between 14 and 18 years (average 17.3 years), predominantly male (64.1%), belonging to 11 sports disciplines, whose blood values for lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB were determined. The main results showed that, with a length of sports practice between one and three years (39.1%) and a training frecuency of three times per week (54.5%), athletes with normal values of muscle markers predominated. Swimming was the sport in which a greater number of athletes with alterations in serum creatine kinase and preparatocreatine kinase isoenzyme MB values were identified. It is concluded that female sex and the practice of systematic physical activity for a period of less than one year and with a training frequency less than three times a week were the general characteristics that had a negative impact on the serum values of the identified muscle damage markers.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi identificar a presença de lesão muscular em atletas da Província de Azuay, Equador, por meio da medição da atividade enzimática. Para isso foi realizada uma pesquisa clínica, descritiva e transversal em 220 atletas com idades entre 14 e 18 anos (média de 17,3 anos), predominantemente do sexo masculino (64,1%), pertencentes a 11 modalidades esportivas cujos valores sanguíneos para lactato desidrogenase, creatina quinase e creatina quinase isoenzima MB foram determinados. Os principais resultados mostraram que com tempo de prática esportiva entre um e três anos (39,1%) e com frequência de três vezes por semana (54,5%), predominaram os atletas com valores normais dos marcadores musculares. A natação foi o esporte em que se identificou maior número de atletas com alterações nos valores séricos de creatina quinase e creatina quinase isoenzima MB. Conclui-se que o sexo feminino, a prática de atividade física sistemática por período inferior a um ano e com frequência de treinamento inferior a três vezes por semana foram as características gerais que não produziram aumento dos valores séricos dos marcadores de lesão muscular identificados.

Tissue repair using mesenchymal stem cells via mitochondrial transfer / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells have been used in the treatment of various diseases due to their advantages, and mitochondrial transfer is an important mechanism of mesenchymal stem cell therapy. OBJECTIVE: To review the role of mesenchymal stem cells via mitochondrial transfer in various tissue injuries. METHODS: The key words were “stem cells, mitochondrial transfer, cell communication, rescue and repair, tissueinjury” in English and Chinese, respectively. PubMed, CNKI and WanFang databases were retrieved for the articles published from 2008 to 2019. The articles concerning the mitochondrial transfer function and mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells and the treatment of tissue injury were collected. After removal of the repetitive and irrelevant articles, 64 eligible articles were further analyzed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Mesenchymal stem cells have been used in stroke, myocardial infarction, and acute renal failure. Mitochondrial transfer has been widely recognized as a new mechanism of stem cell therapy and has been considered as a potential therapy for tissue injuries. Mitochondrial transfer has been found to be mediated by different modes, including tunnel tube formation, gap junctions, microvesicles, cell fusion and transfer of isolated mitochondria. However, specific mechanisms of mitochondrial transfer in tissue injury have not been fully elucidated and its specific role in tissue repair also needs further investigation.

Regiones del encéfalo vinculadas a la interpretación del dolor / Regions of the brain involved with the interpretation of the pain

Introducción: Entre el lugar del daño tisular y la percepción del dolor, ocurre una serie de eventos electroquímicos que se conocen como nocicepción y comprenden cuatro procesos neurofisiológicos conocidos como: transducción, transmisión, modulación y percepción. Objetivo: Aportar información actualizada sobre las regiones del encéfalo vinculadas a la interpretación del dolor. Material y Método: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, con vistas a esclarecer la interpretación de la señal nociceptiva. Se consultaron treinta y cinco artículos científicos, se determinó escoger un total de veintinueve por su relación directa con el propósito de la búsqueda, veintitrés de los cuales corresponden a los últimos 5 años publicados en revistas internacionales y nacionales. Desarrollo: Los axones nociceptivos se clasifican como A δ; y C, participan en la conducción de los potenciales de acción de la periferia al sistema nervioso central. La transmisión de la señal en forma de potenciales de acción se descodifica en áreas relacionadas con aspectos cognoscitivos, afectivo, emocional y conductual del dolor. Este disímil conjunto de estructuras se reconoce en la actualidad como matriz encefálica del dolor. Conclusiones: La matriz del dolor, corresponde a áreas encefálicas como las cortezas somestésicas SI y SII, implicadas en el aspecto discriminativo del dolor. La corteza cingulada anterior y la corteza insular están asociadas al componente afectivo emocional del dolor(AU)

Introduction: A series of electrochemical events called nociception occur between the tissue damage and the perception of pain. They include four neurophysiological processes known as: transduction, transmission, perception, and modulation. Objective: To provide up-to-date information about the regions of the brain involved with the interpretation of pain. Material and Method: A bibliographic review was carried out with the aim of clarifying the interpretation of the nociceptive signal. Thirty-five scientific articles were consulted, and a total of twenty-nine were chosen due to their direct relationship with the aim of the search, twenty-three of which correspond to the last five years of publication in national and international journals. Development: Nociceptive axons are classified as Aδ; and C, and participate in the conduction of action potential of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The transmission of the signal in the form of action potential is decoded in areas related to cognoscitive, affective, and emotional aspects, and the behavioral area of pain. This dissimilar group of structures is recognized at present as the brain matrix of pain. Conclusions: The pain matrix corresponds to brain areas such as SI and SII somatosensory cortices, implied in the discriminative aspect of pain. Both the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the anterior insular cortex (AIC) are associated with the emotional and affective component of pain(AU)

Terapia electroquímica: relación del patrón espacial del daño tisular con la forma del arreglo de electrodos / Electrochemical therapy: relationship of the tissular damage space pattern with the form of electrodes repair

Se realizó una investigación en la Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica del Instituto Politécnico Nacional de Ciudad de México, desde mayo hasta junio de 2016, con el objetivo de determinar cómo cambia el patrón espacial del daño tisular con la forma del arreglo de electrodos en piezas tridimensionales de papa (Solanum tuberosum L) bajo la acción de 10 mA durante 30 min para los arreglos de electrodos con formas colineal, circular, elíptica, parabólica e hiperbólica). Los resultados mostraron la estrecha relación entre el daño tisular y la forma del arreglo de electrodos, así como algunos hallazgos que se observan también en tumores, tales como: necrosis circular alrededor de todos los electrodos, daño tisular extensivo en espacio y en tiempo, burbujeo alrededor del cátodo, zona blanca alrededor del ánodo; igualmente, se observó que las regiones alejadas de los electrodos no se afectaron

An investigation in the Mechanical and Electric Engineering Higher School of the National Polytechnic Institute of Mexico City, was carried out from May to June, 2016, aimed at determining how the tissue damage space pattern changes with the electrodes position form in three-dimensional pieces of potato (Solanum tuberosum L) under the 10 MA action during 30 minutes for electrodes position with cholineal, round, elliptic, parabolic and hyperbolic forms). The results showed a close relationship between the tissue damage and the electrodes position form, as well as some findings that are also observed in tumors, such as: circular necrosis around all the electrodes, extensive tissue damage in space and time, bubbling around the cathode, white area near the anode; likewise, it was observed that the regions far from the electrodes were not affected

Filtration of the Best Medicine Concentration for Treatment of Open Soft Tissue Damage with the Improved Gudaofang / 现代医院

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of improved Gudaofang at different concentrations for the treatment of soft tissue damage so as to determine its optimal concentration.Methods 150 patients with open soft tissue damage treated in our hospital from June 2014 to June 2016 were randomly divided into treatment Group A (n=40) and Group B (n=40), Group C(n=30)and control Group D (n=40).Group A, Group B and Group C were treated with 10%, 20%, 30% of improved Gudaofang respectively, while the control Group D was treated with 75% of alcohol.Its clinical efficacy was evaluated by tenderness score and swelling degree.Results Compared with post-treatment, different concentrations of improved Gudaofang significantly reduced the tenderness score and swelling degree (P<0.05).The total effective rate of Group A, Group B, Group C were 92.5%, 97.5% and 97.5%, respectively, were significantly better than the control Group D with 77.5% (P<0.05).Conclusion Different concentrations of improved Gudaofang has a certain clinical efficacy on treating open soft tissue damage.20% concentration of improved Gudaofang has the best cost-effective and is optimal drug concentration.

Finite element modeling and analysis on end-to-end anastomosis of the large intestine / 医用生物力学

Objective To analyze the relationship of closed staple height with tissue damage and compression pressure, so as to provide theoretical references and guidance for the surgeon to choose the appropriate staple cartridge and height, as well as improve the safety of operation. Methods The finite element model of stapled colorectal end-to-end anastomosis was established based on analysis of staple-tissue interaction. Large intestine tissues with different wall thicknesses (1.0-1.5 mm) were compressed by closed staples with 4 different height to compare changes in stress distributions and average radial pressure. Results When the tissues were compressed by closed staple with height of 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and 1.5 mm, respectively, the average radial stress of compressed tissues with wall thicknesses of 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.5 mm were 56.0, 58.6, 59.7 and 57.3 kPa, respectively, which was close to the optimal compression pressure. Stress concentrations were found in contact area of the staple and tissues，with the maximum stress being 2 783, 1 750, 1940 and 2 030 kPa, respectively. Conclusions Tissue damage cannot be completely avoided in anastomotic surgery, and stress concentration is generally located near contact region of the staple and tissues. The optimal closed staple height ranges in 50%-60% of the uncompressed tissue height.

A subchronic toxicity study of ethanol root extract of baked Aconitum flavum in rats

ABSTRACT The genus Aconitum has strong toxicity, but the acute toxicity of baked Aconitum flavum Hand.-Mazz., Ranunculaceae, was reduced significantly on the premise of keeping anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities. However, the risk associated with long-term use is unknown. In a sub-chronic toxicity study, rats were orally administered A. flavum at doses of 0.76–3.03 g/kg for 90 days and further recovered for 14 days. Our results showed that oral treatment with A. flavum for 90 days caused significant changes in some hematological indicators at doses of 3.03 and 1.52 g/kg, such as red blood cell, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration. These results indicated that the A. flavum affects the structure and function of red blood cell. Furthermore, significant changes were observed in the white blood cell at dose of 3.03 g/kg in male rats, which confirmed tissue damage or toxicity. The liver function tests exhibited non-significant alterations in aspertate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and avenin-like storage proteinsgene. But other parameters, such as total protein and albumin were obviously decreased at all doses. A. flavum also caused a significant decrease in glucose, cholesterol and triacylglyceride at all doses. For kidney function, there were significant elevations in urea and creatinine at doses of 3.03 and 1.52 g/kg. The levels of certain electrolytes (Na+, K+ and Cl-) were significantly different after 90 days of treatment with A. flavum (3.03 and 1.52 g/kg). Organs were observed by light microscopy after hematoxylin-eosin staining. Hemosiderin depositions in the spleen were observed in the A. flavum group. These data demonstrated that the subtoxicity of A. flavum was reduced considerably by baked, but the subchronic toxicity effects on the liver, kidney and spleen should not be ignored.

Co-infection with EHEC and C.albicans in vitro enhances invasion and tissue damage of enterocytes induced by C.albicans / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To investigate, in vitro, the co-infection of Caco-2 cells ( epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa) with Candida albicans and Enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli ( EHEC) .Methods The ability of both species to invade the Caco-2 cells was evaluated by inverted microscopy.Damage to Caco-2 cells was evaluated by measuring lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH ) activity. C. albicans virulence gene expression ( ALS3, PLB1 and SAP4 ) was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction ( qRT-PCR) .Results Compared to simple infections with C.albicans alone, a co-infection invaded Caco-2 cells more rapidly, and C.albicans tended to proliferate more easily presenting in cluster shape of distribution.In addition, the LDH activity in the co-infection group (group 3) was the highest compared to groups 1, 2, 4 and 5, (F values of 14.48, 5.48, 11.74 and 3.45 respectively;all P <0.05);There was no significant difference in LDH activity found between the secondary fungous infection group ( group 5) and the EHEC infection group (group 2) (F=2.03, P=0.54) or between the secondary bacterial infection group (group 4) and the Candida albicans infection group (group 1) (F=2.74, P=0.11).The LDH activities in groups 2 and 5 were significantly higher than that in groups 1 and 4 ( all P <0.05 ) .In addition, an up-regulation of toxicity-related genes ( PLB1 and SAP4 ) were detected.The expression of PLB1 was higher in group 3 than that in group 1 ( P=0.014 3 ) and SAP4 was higher in groups 3 and 5 than that in group 1 (P=0.027 2, P=0.001 8, respectively).Conclusions Using Caco-2 cells for an infection model, this study demonstrated that co-infecting in vitro enterocytes with C.albicans and EHEC enhanced the invasiveness and tissue damaging effects of C.albicans.

Anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extract of green algae Caulerpa mexicana in a murine model of ulcerative colitis

Abstract Inflammatory bowel diseases, which include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are characterized by chronic and relapsed gut inflammation. Caulerpa mexicana is a type of green marine algae that can be found in tropical areas, such as the Brazilian Coastland. These macrophytes exhibit in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties such as the ability to reduce both cell migration to different sites and edema formation induced by chemical irritants. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of the C. mexicana methanolic extract on the treatment of colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate. Acute experimental colitis was induced in BALB/c mice by treatment with 3% dextran sodium sulfate orally for 14 days. During this 14-day period, C. mexicana methanolic extract (2 mg/kg/day) was given intravenously on alternate days. Treatment with the methanolic extract significantly attenuated body weight loss and severe clinical symptoms. This was associated with a remarkable amelioration of colonic architecture disruption and a significant reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine production. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory action of C. mexicana methanolic extract on colorectal sites may be a useful therapeutic approach for inflammatory bowel diseases.

Neutrophil as double-edged swords in fungal keratitis / 中华实验眼科杂志

Fungal keratitis is a corneal disease caused by fungal infection with high possibility of blindness,and the morbidity is being higher year by year.Both native immune and adaptive immune are included during antifungi process in which the fungi is killed by native immune especially by neutrophil.The neutrophil kill the fungi not only by oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent way but also by the neutrophil extracellular traps which is discovered in recent years.The enzyme and reactive oxygen species(ROS) released by the neutrophil are included in the process of fungi killing.But those materials can cause tissue damage which may cause the scar or even corneal perforation.This review mainly focused on the mechanism how the neutrophil kill fungi and cause tissue damage.

Prediction of peripheral blood lymphocytes radiosensitivity in normal tissue radiation damage in oncology patients with radiotherapy / 中国癌症杂志

Patients treated with radiotherapy (RT) might experience a large variation in normal tissues. Severe radiation damage in a minority of patients limits the doses that might be safe given to the majority. The possibility of predicting such radiation-induced damage would provide a better treatment schedule for the patients. Several predictive tests in peripheral blood lymphocytes such as initial DNA damage, radiation-induced apoptosis and genetic variation have been proposed to know the individual sensitivity of patients to the radiotherapy schedules. This study aimed to summarize the main studies regarding to this ifeld.

Association between IFN-γexpression and pathological damage of lung tissue during pulmonary tuberculosis / 实用医学杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship between the expression of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-αand pathological damage of lung tissue, and to provide reference values for protection and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods BALB/c mice models of pulmonary tuberculosis were established by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv through the caudal vein. At 0 (not infected),2,4,6W and 8W after infection, the bacterial loads in the lung were performed and the pathological damage of the lung was evaluated, respectively. At the same time, the expression of IFN-γ,IL-2 and TNF-α-positive cells in the lung tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. Results Two weeks after infection, the expression of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-αpositive cells was obviously increased compared with those at 0 week. The proportion of IFN-γ-positive cells were obviously decreased at 6 weeks (9.25%) to 8 weeks (5.67%) after infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. At the same stage, there is a limited decrease tendency of TNF-α and IL-2 expression compared with those at 4 weeks after infection, and there was no significant difference compared with those at 2W or 4W after infection. At 8 weeks after infection, the bacterial loads (8.43) in the lung and the scores(17) of pathological damage were significantly increased compared with those at 6 weeks after infection. Conclusion The high expression of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-αprotect lung tissues against MTB infection at the early stage. The decrease of IFN-γexpression is responsible for serious damage of the lung tissues in the persistent infection.

Expression of Bcl-2 and NF-κB in brain tissue after acute renal ischemia-reperfusion in rats

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of acute renal ischemia reperfusion on brain tissue.@*METHODS@#Fourty eight rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=12): sham operation group, 30 min ischemia 60 min reperfusion group, 60 min ischemia 60 min reperfusion group, and 120 min ischemia 60 min reperfusion group. The brain tissues were taken after the experiment. TUNEL assay was used to detect the brain cell apoptosis, and western blot was used to detect the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and inflammatory factors.@*RESULTS@#Renal ischemia-reperfusion induced apoptosis of brain tissues, and the apoptosis increased with prolongation of ischemia time. The detection at the molecular level showed decreased Bcl-2 expression, increased Bax expression, upregulated expression of NF-κB and its downstream factor COX-2/PGE2.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Acute renal ischemia-reperfusion can cause brain tissue damage, manifested as induced brain tissues apoptosis and inflammation activation.

Daño tisular en cirugía laparoscópica / Tissue damage in laparoscopic surgery

bjetivo: Comparar las técnicas laparoscópicas emergentes demayor popularidad en el ámbito quirúrgico, aplicando modelosmatemáticos­teóricos para el cálculo del daño tisular, de manerade poder identificar y predecir que técnicas causan menor traumaparietal y menor morbilidad en el paciente para un procedimientoquirúrgico en común. Métodos:Estudio comparativo, descriptivoy observacional. Se agrupan 13 técnicas de cirugía de mínima inva-sión aplicadas para un procedimiento en común, "colecistecto-mía", con la finalidad de comparar el daño tisular que ocasionacada una de las mismas, calculado por modelos teóricos-matemá-ticos diseñados para tal fin, bajo normas estandarizadas por ungrupo de expertos en el tema, "Consenso de Mazatlán 2013", conel fin de estandarizar las técnicas de medición de las incisiones einstrumentos, de manera de obtener resultados acordes con la rea-lidad en cada uno de los procedimientos. Resultados:La técnicaNOTES presenta los índices más bajos de daño tisular parietal alno producir trauma alguno en su variedad pura y al no utilizar lapared abdominal para la extracción de la pieza quirúrgica en susvariedades híbridas. Las técnicas abordaje abdominal (no LESS),reducen a menos del 50% el daño tisular que ocasiona la laparos-copia tradicional, sin diferencia significativa entre ellas. Las plata-formas multivalvulares no muestran reducción del daño parietalfrente a la colecistectomía laparoscopia tradicional. Conclusión:Las técnicas laparoscópicas que reducen significativamente el trau-ma parietal frente al estándar de oro para colecistectomía aplicanuno o más de las siguientes consideraciones: Extracción de losórganos o piezas quirúrgicas por orificios naturales, sustitución depuertos por dispositivos magnéticos y/o agujas percutáneas, usode óptica con canal operatorio, y utilización de puertos e instru-mentos de menor calibre(AU)

Objective: To compare the most popular emerging surgical lapa-roscopic techniques, applying models for mathematicians-theore-tical for the calculation of the tissue damage, in order to be ableto identify and predict which techniques cause reduced parietaltrauma and less morbidity in the patient for a surgical procedurein common. Methods: Comparative, descriptive and observationalstudy. There were grouped 13 minimally invasive surgery techni-ques applied to a procedure in common, "cholecystectomy", inorder to compare the tissue damage that causes each of them, cal-culated by theoretical-mathematicians models designed for thispurpose, under standardized rules by a group of experts in thefield, "Mazatlan Consensus 2013", to standardize measurement ofincisions and instruments techniques, in order to get results com-mensurate with the reality in each of the procedures. Results:Thetechnique NOTES presents the lowest rates of parietal tissuedamage by not producing any trauma in its sheer variety and doesnot use the abdominal wall for the extraction of the surgical spe-cimen in its hybrid varieties. The technical approach to abdominal(not LESS), reduced to less than 50% the tissue damage that cau-ses traditional laparoscopy, without significant difference betweenthem. Multivalvulars platforms are not against traditional laparos-copy cholecystectomy parietal harm reduction. Conclusion:Thelaparoscopic techniques that significantly reduce the parietal trau-ma against the gold standard for cholecystectomy apply one ormore of the following considerations: removal of organs or surgicalparts through natural openings, replacement of ports by percuta-neous needle or magnetic devices, use of optics with operativechannel, and use of ports and instruments for the smaller caliber

Urgencias en Hematología. II. Extravasación de citostáticos / Emergencies in Hematology II. Extravasation of cytostatics

Una de las complicaciones más graves de la administración intravenosa de citostáticos es su extravasación. En este trabajo se define cómo puede ocurrir la salida no intencionada de un fármaco citostático al espacio perivascular o subcutáneo durante su administración, lo que puede deberse a diversos factores. Su incidencia es entre el 0,1 y el 6 por ciento, según diferentes reportes. Existen disímiles protocolos para su tratamiento y todos coinciden en que lo más importante es aplicar lo antes posible las medidas físicas y farmacológicas que requiera cada caso

Extravasation is one of the most serious complications during intravenous administration of cytostatics. In this paper we describe how an unintentional output of a cytostatic drug to the perivascular or subcutaneous space can occur during its administration, resulting from diverse factors. Its incidence is 0,1 to 6 percent , according to different reports. There are dissimilar protocols for treatment and all agree that applying physical and pharmacological measures is the most important, as soon as each case require

The Relationship between Soft Tissue Damages and Neurologic Deficits in Distractive Extension Injury of the Lower Cervical Spine / 대한정형외과학회잡지

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between the damage to anterior soft tissues and neurological deficit in distractive extension injury of the lower cervical spine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-two patients who were treated surgically for distractive extension injury of the lower cervical spine were included in this study. Soft tissue swelling was evaluated on plain radiographs. Damage to the longus colli muscle, anterior longitudinal ligament, superior end plate, inferior end plate, annulus fibrosus, and posterior longitudinal ligament were intraoperatively checked and the relationship between these findings and clinical neurologic deficits was analyzed. RESULTS: Soft tissue swelling was increased to 92% in the retropharyngeal space and to 89% in the retrotracheal space but there was no significant difference. No relationship was found between the damage to the prevertebral fascia, longus colli muscle and neurological deficit. Injuries to the inferior end plate and annulus fibrosus showed a directly propotional relation with neurological deficit, but it was not significant. Injuries to the anterior longitudinal ligament (p<0.01), superior end plate (p=0.02), posterior longitudinal ligament (p=0.04) showed significant relations with neurological deficit. CONCLUSION: The distractive extension injury combined with the damage to the anterior longitudinal ligament, superior end plate or posterior longitudinal ligament showed high frequency of neurological deficit. Hence, these are regarded as the important structures for maintaining the stability of the lower cervical spine.